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Surface electromyography can record the neuroelectric signals responding the activity of muscle during exercise, which has been used to observe the characteristics of trunk and lower limb muscles in patients with chronic low back pain. It may be used in the researches about pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of chronic low back pain by comparing the surface electromyography signals between patients and normal controls during various activities.
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La mastofauna del Parque Nacional Tingo María (PNTM) es conocida principalmente por entrevistas a pobladores locales. Este artículo presenta una lista de mamíferos medianos y grandes en base a evaluaciones con cámaras trampa y su verificación con entrevistas. Las evaluaciones se realizaron entre diciembre del 2014 y noviembre del 2018, con un esfuerzo de 2970 trampas cámara/día, consiguiéndose 1640 registros independientes. Se registró 19 especies silvestres, cuatro de las cuales son nuevos registros para el PNTM (la zarigüeyita acuática Chironectes minimus, el margay Leopardus wiedii, la tigrina Leopardus tigrinus y el osito cangrejero Procyon cancrivorus), tres son nuevos para las yungas peruanas (L. wiedii, el ronsoco Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris y la nutria Lontra longicaudis) y dos (H. hydrochaeris y L. wiedii) tienen el récord de altitud en el Perú. Se elaboró patrones de actividad horaria para las nueve especies con más de 10 registros. Ocho de ellos coinciden con lo publicado anteriormente, mientras que el patrón conseguido para el machetero Dynomis branicki es el primero elaborado en condiciones de silvestría. Tanto la presencia de varias especies de predadores como la normalidad de los patrones de actividad encontrados sugieren un buen estado de conservación del bosque en el PNTM. En conclusión, el muestreo con cámaras trampapermitió la obtención de una lista confiable y bastante completa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes de hábitos terrestres del PNTM, además de datos sobre su distribución y ecología.
The mammal fauna of the Parque Nacional Tingo María (PNTM) mainly is known for local people interviews. In this work, using camera traps and its verification by interviews to local people we report medium and large mammals list of the PNTM. Evaluations were realized between December 2014 and November 2018. Sampling effort was of 2970 camera traps/day, with 1640 independent records. Nineteen wild species were recorded, four of which were new reports to the PNTM (the water opossum Chironectes minimus, the margay Leopardus wiedii, the Northern tiger cat Leopardus tigrinus and the crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus), three were new reports for the Peruvian yungas (L. wiedii, the capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris and the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis) and two (H. hydrochaeris and L. wiedii) have been registered as its higher altitude record in Peru. Activity patterns were elaborated for the nine species with more than 10 records. Eight of them are coincided with the previously published. Activity pattern of pacarana (Dynomis branicki) is the first one elaborated in wild conditions. The presence of several predator species and normal activity patterns, would be suggest a good state of forest conservation in the PNTM. In conclusion, the sampling using camera traps allow to obtain a reliable and fairly complete list of the medium and large terrestrial mammals of the PNTM, as well as data on their distribution and ecology.
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Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls and to investigate its association with socio-economic status, eating and physical activity pattern. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adolescent girls (15 and 19 years) and stratified random sampling technique was done in 4 schools of Arar city, KSA. Subjects were asked to fill pre-tested questionnaire about socio-economic status, dietary and physical activity pattern and their height and weight were measured and BMI (kg/m2) was calculated. SPSS version 22 (2017) was used in entering, managing survey data and to analyze the obtained data. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant for individual variables. Results: The final study sample consisted of 322 adolescent girls (response rate of 90.96%), with a mean age of 17.14 ± 1.15 years. More than one-fifth of the study population was overweight and obese, moreover, about three-fifth of the study population were of normal weight, while 19.2% were underweight. A significant relationship was observed between nutritional status with the mother’s occupation and education, family size, and a number of meals taken per day. Conclusion: Adolescent’s populations face two contrasting nutrition situations, under and over nutrition. This study will help in generating imperative data and recommendations for managing nutrition-related problems in adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract Even though the Onychophora represent a whole phylum, observations of their activity pattern in nature are almost non-existent. Here we report on the relationship between humidity and light and activity pattern of a new species of velvet worm, genus Epiperipatus, from four years of field observations in the South Pacific of Costa Rica. We found that most activity occurs during the driest and darkest nights of the year, in contrast with theoretical predictions.
Resumo Onychophora constituem um filo de animais. Não obstante, as observações do comportamento sazonal das espécies de "peripatos" na natureza são praticamente inexistentes. Com base em quatro anos de observações em campo, nós demostramos a relação entre umidade e luz, e padrão de atividade diária de uma nova espécie no gênero Epiperipatus, do Pacífico Sul da Costa Rica. Descobrimos que a maioria das atividades ocorre durante as noites mais secas e mais escuras do ano, em total contraste com as previsões teóricas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Humidity , Invertebrates/radiation effects , Invertebrates/physiology , Light , Species Specificity , Temperature , Population Dynamics , Climate , Ecosystem , Costa Rica , BiodiversityABSTRACT
Time activity pattern refers to the time and behavior of people at different locations. The knowledge of time-activity pattern is essential for air pollution exposure assessment when direct personal exposure monitoring can't not be conducted, because air pollutant concentrations may vary significantly by location and activity. This review is focused on the survey method for human time-activity pattern and its application in the exposure assessment of air pollutants. After comparing the diary-reported trips and Global Positioning System (GPS) recording method, we believed that diary-reported trips were more reliable in describing comprehensive and detail records of the behavior and environmental circumstances while GPS-recorded trend to maintain sound information of time, location and transportations. Meanwhile, according to different subjects, the air pollution exposure model could be divided for population and individuals. There were great difference between two types of model in many areas, including the required information about time, activity and microenvironment.
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Objective@#To compare diary-reported trips and Global Positioning System (GPS) recording trips and identify the reasons for the discrepancies between two methods.@*Methods@#The survey was conducted in Jiangning district in Nanjing city during July to September and November to December, 2015. Both the diary records and GPS method were used to investigate the travel behavior of 33 retired adults for 5 consecutive days. The GPS traces were display in Google Earth and then split into trips to compare with the diary records according to time and location. χ2 test was used to analyze the influence of trip characteristics on misreporting rates of each method.@*Results@#A total of 1 087 trips in the survey can be compared between the diary (n=909) and the GPS method (n=912). 7.3% (79/1 087) of the trips were only recorded by GPS method, and 11.8% (128/1 087) were only reported in the diary. Of the remaining 880 trips recorded by the both methods, 86.7% (763/880) matched each other, while 13.3% (117/880) did not. For the matched trips, the difference between the trip durations recorded by diary and GPS method was 2.0 (quartile was 6.0) minutes and the diary method overestimated about 25.0% trip durations when compared with the GPS method. The accuracy rates were 84.8%(903/1 065) and 86.9%(925/1 065) for diary and GPS method, respectively. Both methods were more likely to misreport the trip under 5 minutes. The misreporting rates of diary method for trips under 5 minutes were 6.8 times higher than trips over 30 minutes (21.7% vs 3.2%). The reporting accuracy was also significantly different among trips by different travel mode (P<0.05) for both methods, diary method had the lowest accuracy in reporting vehicles recorders (69.3%, 133/192), while GPS method was more accuracy in both biking (91.9%, 136/148) and vehicles recorders(89.6%, 172/192). The main reasons for misreporting by diary method were forgetting or unwilling to record and failing to record trips according to travel mode, while forgetting to carry GPS device, bad GPS signal and failing to locate the position were the main reasons for misreporting by GPS method.@*Conclusion@#The majority of the trips reported in diary and GPS method are well consistent with each other. Both of the methods should be used simultaneously in the survey of time-activity pattern to improve the data quality.
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Abstract Even though the Onychophora represent a whole phylum, observations of their activity pattern in nature are almost non-existent. Here we report on the relationship between humidity and light and activity pattern of a new species of velvet worm, genus Epiperipatus, from four years of field observations in the South Pacific of Costa Rica. We found that most activity occurs during the driest and darkest nights of the year, in contrast with theoretical predictions.
Resumo Onychophora constituem um filo de animais. Não obstante, as observações do comportamento sazonal das espécies de peripatos na natureza são praticamente inexistentes. Com base em quatro anos de observações em campo, nós demostramos a relação entre umidade e luz, e padrão de atividade diária de uma nova espécie no gênero Epiperipatus, do Pacífico Sul da Costa Rica. Descobrimos que a maioria das atividades ocorre durante as noites mais secas e mais escuras do ano, em total contraste com as previsões teóricas.
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Introduction: The primary Brazilian occupational therapists goal is to enable their clients to participate in the activities of everyday life. Thus, it is important that therapists have tools that capture their clients' activities repertoires. The Paediatric Activity Card Sort (PACS) is a client-centred tool designed to capture the activity repertoire of children. However, the PACS is based on the activities of Canadian children, leading to questions regarding its use in other countries. Objective: To determine the acceptability and applicability of the PACS with Brazilian children. Method: Sixty children between 5 and 14 years participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic information. Behavioural observations were used to judge the acceptability of the PACS. Item responses and their relation to sociodemographic variables were used to examine applicability. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographics and item responses. Differences in the PACS scores between gender, race, presence of siblings, parents' educational levels and marital status were assessed using non-parametric statistics. Results: Reported participation in PACS activities ranged from 95.7% (personal care) to 15.1% (sports). Eleven PACS activities had a participation rate of less than 10% and a number of new activities, not included in the PACS, were identified. Differences were found among gender and presence of siblings. Conclusion: With adjustments for the Brazilian context the PACS can be a useful tool to capture children activity suggesting the potential usefulness of a Brazilian PACS.
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In general, anurans tend to be nocturnal, though diurnal activity is characteristic of some groups. Studies show that frog activity may be inferred based on the number of individuals collected at different periods of the day, during large-scale field surveys. We investigated the best period of the day to conduct amphibian sampling in nine Atlantic Rainforest areas in southeastern Brazil, based on intensive field surveys. At each locality we employed similar sampling effort during diurnal, crepuscular and nocturnal searches (totaling 704.5 sampling hours). We pooled data from all localities for each period and estimated the proportion of frogs of each species active at each period based on the total number of individuals and on the number of species found during all surveys for that period. We recorded a total of 817 individual frogs from 69 species. Species richness was highest at night (median = 12 species), intermediate at dusk (median = 8), and lowest during the day (median = 4). The percentage of the total number of individual frogs found (pooled species) was highest during the night (ca. 53%) and lowest during the day (ca. 14%). Analyzing each species separately, the number of individuals recorded was consistently higher at dusk and night for most species. Our study evidences a trend for nocturnal activity for most Atlantic Rainforest frogs, with few species having primarily diurnal habits. Those results may favor future studies and conservation efforts for amphibian species.
Em geral, anuros tendem a ser noturnos, apesar de a atividade diurna ser característica de alguns grupos. Estudos mostram que a atividade de anuros pode ser inferida com base no número de indivíduos coletados em diferentes períodos do dia durante pesquisas de campo de larga escala. Nós avaliamos qual o melhor período do dia para conduzir amostragens de anfíbios em nove áreas da Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil, com base em amostragens de campo intensivas. Em cada localidade nós empregamos esforço de amostragem similar durante amostragens diurnas, crepusculares e noturnas (totalizando 704,5 horas de amostragem). Nós agrupamos dados de todas as localidades para cada período e estimamos a proporção de anuros de cada espécie ativa em cada período com base no número total de indivíduos e no número de espécies encontradas durante todas as buscas naquele período. Nós registramos um total de 817 indivíduos pertencentes a 69 espécies. A riqueza de espécies foi maior à noite (mediana = 12 espécies), intermediária ao crepúsculo (mediana = 8) e menor durante o dia (mediana = 4). A porcentagem do número total de indivíduos encontrados (todas as espécies agrupadas) foi maior durante a noite (ca. 53%) e menor durante o período diurno (ca. 14%). Analisando cada espécie separadamente, o número de indivíduos registrados foi consistentemente maior ao crepúsculo e à noite para a maioria das espécies. Nosso estudo evidencia uma tendência para atividade noturna para a maioria dos anuros da Mata Atlântica, com poucas espécies tendo hábitos primariamente diurnos. Esses resultados podem favorecer futuros estudos e esforços de conservação para as espécies de anfíbios.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anura/physiology , Biodiversity , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Anura/classification , Brazil , Forests , Population DensityABSTRACT
To test the circadian clock characteristics, activity behaviour of male blackheaded munia was recorded. Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1A, activity of munia was recorded under long days, LD (14L: 10D); and short days, SD (10L: 14D). Locomotor activity of two groups of munia exposed to equinox (12L: 12D) daylength followed by transfer of one group each to continuous dimlight (DD) and continuous bright light (LL) was recorded in experiment 1B. Experiment 2 aimed to describe seasonal trend in daily pattern of activity/rest cycle under natural illumination conditions (NDL). Hourly activity during daytime was more under SD than under LD. Munia did not exhibit bimodality in daily activity pattern; activity during morning, M (2h) was more than evening, E. A free-running activity rhythm was recorded in munia under DD; the same was arrhythmic under LL. The seasonal pattern in daily activity profiles under NDL corresponds to the seasonal changes in daylength. Daylength regulates daily and seasonal activity patterns in blackheaded munia.
Subject(s)
Actigraphy , Animals , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Male , Motor Activity/physiology , Passeriformes/physiology , SeasonsABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the physical activity pattern, activity coefficient, basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure of female university students. One-day activity diaries were collected from 95 female university students in Seoul. Body composition was measured by Inbody 720. Subjects spent 7 hr 8min on sleeping, 6 hr 31min on studying, 2 hr 50min on physiological activity, 2 hr 3min on leisure, 2 hr 2min on walking and jogging, 1 hr 58 min on commuting and 22min on house chores. The activity coefficient of these subjects was 1.58. The comparison of body composition of subjects according to PAL showed that body weight, body fat mass, arm circumference and arm muscle circumference of physically active group were significantly higher than those of the sedentary group. BMR calculated by Harris-Benedict (H-B) formula and DRI formula and BMR measured by Inbody 720 was 1375 kcal, 1306 kcal and 1209 kcal, respectively. Total energy expenditure (TEE) examined by one-day activity diaries and calculated by H-B formula and estimated energy requirement (EER) formula in DRI was 2102.1 kcal, 2184.4 kcal, and 2164.5 kcal, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between TEE examined by one-day activity diaries and H-B TEE was 0.795 (p < 0.001) while that between TEE examined and DRI EER was 0.604 (p < 0.001). Overall data indicated that female university students seemed to be less active. Therefore it is recommended that universities develop good exercise programs for their students. Further studies are needed to generate more meaningful results with a larger sample size and using machine attached to the body, which are able to detect physical activity more accurately.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Adipose Tissue , Arm , Basal Metabolism , Body Composition , Body Weight , Energy Metabolism , Jogging , Leisure Activities , Motor Activity , Muscles , Sample Size , Transportation , WalkingABSTRACT
The reconstruction of activity and of work patterns has been approached by examinations of activity-related skeletal markers. Among several different methods, in particular, a number of anthropologists have widely applied the patterns of enthesopathies and degenerative joint disease in studies of past activity. The purpose of this study is to better understand and use these indicators in reconstructing the levels of physical activities of past populations. This review will provide information on the most recent anthropological research on the behavioral interpretation on degenerative joint disease and enthesopathies, to better use these indicators in understanding past populations. There are obvious limitations in using these markers, and it is necessary to consider them. Firstly, it is uncertain as to whether there are certain activities that are performed repetitively throughout their lives of those who lived in past civilizations. A second limitation involves the etiology of skeletal markers related to mechanical stress. There are multiple-factors, including genetic predisposition, sex, the aging process, and diet that may affect the way people practice a specific activity. Accordingly, this makes it difficult to evaluate the underlying etiological factors and their roles in activity-related skeletal changes. In conclusion, to circumvent these limitations, the use of multiple skeletal markers together in studies of the activities of past populations may enable to more reliable interpretations. However, to ensure more reliable interpretations, the validity of such combinations of makers should be challenged. Therefore, more work on the validity of activity-related markers is needed to clarify the activities that are responsible for the development in life of the features observable in skeletal populations. This type of research can contribute to the discussion of the use of activity-related skeletal markers in studies of behavioral interpretations with more certainty regarding which morphological characteristics are responses to physical activity and mechanical loading as the pathogenesis of such characteristics.
Subject(s)
Aging , Civilization , Diet , Dietary Sucrose , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Joint Diseases , Motor Activity , Rheumatic Diseases , Stress, MechanicalABSTRACT
O conhecimento do repertório comportamental de cutias cativas e livres é fundamental para o melhoramento de técnicas de manejo. Observações em cativeiro foram realizadas no criadouro científico de animais silvestres pertencente ao Museu de História Natural do Capão da Imbuia (MHNCI) e no Parque Municipal Passeio Público, enquanto observações em semicativeiro foram realizadas na área livre no MHNCI e no Parque Jardim Botânico. O etograma de Dasyprocta azarae (Lichtenstein, 1923) e Dasyprocta leporina (Linnaeus, 1758) foi realizado em 120 horas, caracterizando 78 atos comportamentais, quantificados em 96 horas através dos métodos animal focal e scan. As frequências foram analisadas através do teste do qui-quadrado, que revelou diferenças entre os ambientes. Nos semicativeiros, as frequências de alimentação, interações agonísticas, interações reprodutivas e comportamentos de cuidados parentais foram mais elevadas, indicando a disputa pelos recursos, reflexo na reprodução e cuidados com a prole. Em cativeiro, as frequências elevadas com comportamentos autodirigidos, atos exploratórios e relações entre coespecíficos sugerem a falta de estimulação, bem como a proximidade forçada entre os indivíduos. Portanto, existe uma diferenciação na frequência dos comportamentos exibidos, possivelmente devido às diferenças entre os ambientes, que podem estar relacionadas com as condições de manutenção dessas espécies.
The knowledge of the behavioral repertoire of captive and free-ranging agoutis is essential for the improvement of management techniques. Observations were made in the field of reproduction of the Museu de História Natural do Capão da Imbuia (MHNCI) and in the Passeio Público, while observations in semi-captivity were held in the MHNCI and the Jardim Botânico. The ethogram of Dasyprocta azarae (Lichtenstein, 1923) and Dasyprocta leporina (Linnaeus, 1758) was carried out through in 120h, characterizing 78 behavioral acts, quantified in 96h by the methods focal animal and scan. The frequencies were analyzed using the chi-square test which revealed differences between the environments. In the semi-captivity the frequencies of feeding, agonistics interactions, reproductive interactions and parental care were higher indicating the resources competition and reflection on the reproduction and care for their offspring. In captivity the high incidence of self-directed behaviors, exploratory acts and coespecifics relations emphasize the lack of stimulation and the forced proximity among the animals. Therefore, there are differences in the frequency of behaviors exhibited, possibly due to differences between environments, which may be related to the maintenance conditions of these species.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rodentia/psychology , Handling, PsychologicalABSTRACT
O principal objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a contribuição dos fatores genéticos no padrão da atividade física (AF) de gêmeos através da estatística entropia aproximada (EA). A amostra foi constituída por 162 pares de gêmeos monozigóticos (MZ) e dizigóticos (DZ) com idade entre seis e 18 anos, residentes em Portugal. A AF foi medida pelo acelerômetro Tritrac-R3D durante cinco dias de uma semana habitual. Para descrever o padrão da AF, recorreu-se a descrição da EA estimada através do software Cine Wizard. A determinação da zigotia foi realizada com base no método direto de análise do DNA. Para a análise dos dados,foram utilizados diferentes softwares como SYSTAT 10.0, STATA 10,0 e o Twinan92. A EA foi calculada para três diferentes fenótipos de AF, classificados de acordo com a quantidade de dias de mensuração (EA 5, 3 e 2 dias). Foi utilizado o recurso a modelos distintos paradescrever o padrão das matrizes de covariância entre pares de gêmeos (variância genética, envolvimento comum e único) e o nível de significância foi fixado em 5%. Foi verificada a presença de agregação fraterna na EA com uma maior homogeneidade entre os gêmeosMZ. Pode-se concluir que os fatores genéticos apresentaram forte influência, na variação interindividual, no padrão de AF e sua contribuição variou entre 44 e 89%.
The main objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of genetic factors to physical activity patterns (PAPs) in twins using approximate entropy (ApEn) statistics. The sample consisted of 162 monozygotic and dizygotic twins from Portugal aged 6 to 18 years. Physical activity was measured with a Tritrac-RT3 triaxial accelerometer over 5 days of a usualweek. PAPs were described by ApEn using the Cine Wizard software. Zygosity was assessed by direct DNA analysis. Data were analyzed using the SYSTAT 10, STATA 10 and Twinan92 softwares. PAPs were estimated for 5, 3 and 2 days. In addition, structural equation modelingwas used to compute different sources of variance genetic, common environmental and unique environmental variance.The level of significance was set at 5%. Sibling aggregation was identified by ApEn analysis, with monozygotic twins showing greater homogeneity. In conclusion, geneticfactors accounted for 44 to 89% of the total variation in PAP.
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This paper aims to report the physical activity pattern and energy expenditure of adults aged 18 – 59 years in the Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey (MANS) carried out between October 2002 and December 2003. The survey included 7349 adults representative of Peninsular Malaysia (Northern, Southern, Central and East Coast), as well as Sabah and Sarawak. A total of 6926 adults, comprising 3343 men and 3583 women, completed the physical activity section of the survey. Physical activity data was obtained using a physical activity questionnaire and 24-hour physical activity recall. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated from Ismail et al. (1998) predictive equations; total energy expenditure (TEE) was then estimated through factorial calculations based on time allocated and energy cost of various activities. Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as the ratio of TEE to BMR. It was found that almost three-quarters of Malaysian adults travelled by passive modes of transportation. Only a third reported having ever-exercised, and an even smaller proportion of the population (14%) had adequate exercise. The population also spent the majority of their time (74% of the day) in sedentary activities, such as sleeping or lying down; doing light intensity activities (15% of the day), and doing moderate to vigorous intensity activities (10% of the day). Mean BMR and TEE was significantly higher amongst men than women, while mean PAL values were similar for men [1.6 (1.6 – 1.7)] and women [1.6 (1.6 – 1.6)]. More men (16%) were categorised as having active PAL compared to women (10%), while more women (43%) were categorised as having sedentary PAL compared to their male counterparts (37%). The present study provides the first in-depth report of the physical activity pattern, and national estimates of energy expenditure and physical activity levels of Malaysian adults, and concluded that Malaysian adults are generally sedentary. It is thus important that physical activity be further promoted and integrated into the lives of the population, preferably through various health promotion efforts as well as through the commitment of the authorities in providing a suitable environment for an active lifestyle.
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Several Pterygoplichthys species, members of the Neotropical catfish family Loricariidae, have been widely introduced outside their native ranges. In this paper, I present observations on the diel activity pattern of non-native Pterygoplichthys, tentatively identified as P. disjunctivus, with respect to their attachment and grazing on endangered Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus latirostris. The study was conducted in December 2009 at Volusia Blue Spring, an artesianal spring system in the St. Johns River basin, Florida (USA). Supplemented by information gathered during previous visits to the spring site, this study revealed that adult Pterygoplichthys are active throughout the diel period (day, twilight and night). However, juvenile Pterygoplichthys were largely nocturnal and only at night did they consistently join adults in attaching to manatees. The juveniles generally remain hidden during the day, probably responding to presence of diurnal predators, mainly birds. Differences in diel behaviors among different Pterygoplichthys size classes in Florida are consistent with published observations on loricariids inhabiting clearwater streams within their native ranges.
Várias espécies de Pterygoplichthys, siluriformes Neotropicais da família Loricariidae, tem sido largamente introduzidos além de suas áreas naturais de ocorrência. Neste artigo, eu apresento observações dos padrões de atividade diária de uma população não nativa de Pterygoplichthys, identificada tentativamente como P. disjunctivus, associados com a espécie ameaçada de peixe-boi nativa da Flórida, Trichechus manatus latirostris. O estudo foi conduzido em dezembro de 2009 em Volusia Blue Spring um sistema artesiano na bacia do rio St. John, Flórida (USA). Suplementado por informações reunidas durante visitas prévias ao sítio em análise, este estudo revelou que Pterygoplichthys adultos estiveram ativos durante a maioria dos períodos (dia, crepúsculo e noite). No entanto, jovens foram principalmente noturnos e somente a noite eles uniram-se aos adultos sobre os peixes-boi. No sistema estudado na Flórida, jovens de Pterygoplichthys geralmente permanecem escondidos durante o dia, provavelmente respondendo a presença de predadores visuais diurnos, principalmente aves. As diferenças observadas na atividade diária entre diferentes classes de tamanho são semelhantes ao descrito para certos loricariídeos que habitam cursos d'água de águas límpidas em suas áreas nativas de ocorrência.
Subject(s)
Animals , Animal Population Groups , Aquatic Environment , Behavior, Animal , Fishes , PopulationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the physical design and organizational structure of rehabilitation stroke unit (RSU) is related to the amount of patients' activity pattern. METHOD: An observational study was conducted using behavioral mapping method. Time samples of the motor activity of patients following stroke were taken at 10-minute interval, between 7 AM and 7 PM both on weekdays and weekends. At each observation, physical activity patterns, location in which the patients spent their time, and other person present were recorded. RESULTS: RSU patient spent less time in non-therapeutic activity and more time in therapeutic activity (p<0.05). There were significant differences in the locations of patient's position between the two types of ward (p<0.05). RSU patients had significantly more interaction with formal carerand less time disengaged (p<0.05). The proportion of time in therapeutic activity was low in all location, with patients spending many hours in bed and doing nothing. There was no significant differences in total Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores at admission and on discharge, FIM gain, and FIM efficiency between RSU and mixed rehabilitation ward (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In spite of quantitative difference, the two wards had similar patterns of treatment activity and deployment of staff. These maybe resulted in similar treatment experiences for patient and no functional differences between two wards. It appears that strategies are required so that patients can be practicing at an more appropriate level.